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Medical Specialties and Specialty Fields

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<span style="color: blue;">Medical Specialties and Specialty Fields</span></h2>
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[<b><span style="color: blue;">VIETNAMESE / ENGLISH</span></b>]</div>
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<b>1. Chuyên khoa <span style="color: blue;">Specialty</span></b></h3>
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<b>a. Nội  khoa / <span style="color: blue;">Internal Medicine</span></b></h4>
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<b>i.  Tim mạch / <span style="color: blue;">Cardiology</span></b></div>
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<b>ii. Hô Hấp / <span style="color: blue;">Pulmonary Disease</span></b></div>
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<b>iii. Tiêu hóa / Gastroenterology</b></div>
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<b>iv. TIết niệu / Nephrology</b></div>
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<b>v. huyết học / Hematology</b></div>
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<b>vi. cơ xương khớp / Rheumatology</b></div>
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<b>vii. Nội thần kinh /  Neurology</b></div>
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<b>viii. Truyền nhiễm / Infectious Disease</b></div>
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<b>ix. Hồi sức – Cấp cứu / Emergency Medicine</b></div>
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<b>x. Nội tiết / Endocrinology</b></div>
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<b>xi. Chăm sóc giảm nhẹ / Hospice and Palliative Medicine</b></div>
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<b>b. Ngoại khoa /  Surgery : Subspecialties and Specialist titles</b></h4>
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<b>i.  Phẫu thuật tim mạch lồng ngực / Cardio-thoracic surgery / Specialist cardio-thoracic surgeon </b></div>
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<b>ii. Ngoại chung General surgery / Specialist general surgeon </b></div>
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<b>iii. Phẫu thuật thần kinh Neurosurgery / Specialist neurosurgeon </b></div>
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<b>iv. Phẫu thuật chỉnh hình  Orthopaedic surgery /  Specialist orthopaedic surgeon </b></div>
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<b>v. Phẫu thuật Đầu mặt cổ / Otolaryngology – head and neck surgery / Specialist otolaryngologist – head and neck surgeon </b></div>
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<b>vi. Phẫu thuật nhi / Paediatric surgery / Specialist paediatric surgeon </b></div>
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<b>vii. Phẫu thuật thẩm mỹ / Plastic surgery / Specialist plastic surgeon </b></div>
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<b>viii. Phẫu thuật tiết niệu / Urology / Specialist urologist </b></div>
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<b>ix. Phẫu thuật mạch máu / Vascular surgery / Specialist vascular surgeon</b></div>
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<b>c. Sản phụ khoa /  OB/GYN (Obstetrics & Gynecology)</b></div>
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<b>d. Nhi / Pediatrics</b></div>
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<b>e. Hồi sức – Cấp cứu / Emergency Medicine </b></div>
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<b>f. Gây mê / Anesthesiology</b></div>
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<b>g. Chẩn đoán hình ảnh / Radiology</b></div>
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<b>h. Xét nghiệm / Paraclinical tests</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">2. Chuyên khoa lẻ / Other specialties:</span></b></h3>
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<b>a. Tai mũi họng / Otolaryngology (E.N.T.)</b></div>
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<b>b. Răng hàm mặt / Odonto stomatology</b></div>
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<b>c. Nhãn khoa / Ophthalmology</b></div>
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<b>d. Da liễu / Dermatology</b></div>
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<b>e. Ung thư / Oncology</b></div>
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<b>f. Y học hạt nhân / Nuclear medicine</b></div>
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<b>g. Lão khoa / Geriatric Medicine</b></div>
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<b>h. Tâm thần học / Psychiatry</b></div>
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<b>i. Tâm lý học /  Psychology</b></div>
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<b>j. Y học gia đình / Family Medicine</b></div>
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<b>k. Y học thể thao / Sport and exercise medicine</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">3. Y học cơ sở  / medical basics:</span></b></h3>
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<b>a. Giảii phẫu / Anatomy</b></div>
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<b>b. Sinh lý / Physiology</b></div>
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<b>c. Sinh lý bệnh / Physio-pathology</b></div>
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<b>d. Dược lý / pharmacology</b></div>
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<b>e. Di truyền / Genetics</b></div>
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<b>f. Miễn dịch / Immunology</b></div>
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<b>g. Giải phẫu bệnh / Anatomo-pathology</b></div>
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<b>h. Dịch tễ học / Epidemiology</b></div>
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<b>i. Hóa sinh y học / Medical Biochemistry</b></div>
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<b>j. Toán thống kê / Statistics</b></div>
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Medical Specialties and Specialty Fields

Medical Specialties and Specialty Fields [ VIETNAMESE / ENGLISH ] 1. Chuyên khoa Specialty a. Nội khoa / Internal Medicine ...

[Medical Books] - WHO: People most at risk of HIV are not getting the health services they need

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<b>11 JULY 2014 </b>¦ GENEVA - Failure to provide adequate HIV services for key groups – men who have sex with men, people in prison, people who inject drugs, sex workers and transgender people – threatens global progress on the HIV response, warns WHO.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFNTVQxw3jcGdAiOse-kYlPqhLMS5M-lRZ9x_3topwKVBqgb_GH6C_jP4UMBtPrrEc6boDd7pcqpSd1SlMwYdFmuIG9wusH7UbQZvxcWL4y1lhGL4F2f3Zj510MIzZzq3aGKikFxfvueAQ/s1600/2721026-3932840.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="[Medical Books] - WHO: People most at risk of HIV are not getting the health services they need" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFNTVQxw3jcGdAiOse-kYlPqhLMS5M-lRZ9x_3topwKVBqgb_GH6C_jP4UMBtPrrEc6boDd7pcqpSd1SlMwYdFmuIG9wusH7UbQZvxcWL4y1lhGL4F2f3Zj510MIzZzq3aGKikFxfvueAQ/s1600/2721026-3932840.jpg" title="[Medical Books] - WHO: People most at risk of HIV are not getting the health services they need" /></a></div>
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These people are most at risk of HIV infection yet are least likely to have access to HIV prevention, testing and treatment services. In many countries they are left out of national HIV plans, and discriminatory laws and policies are major barriers to access.</div>
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WHO today released "Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations", in the lead-up to the International AIDS Conference in Melbourne, Australia, starting on 20 July.</div>
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Steps to reduce new HIV infections</div>
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The guidelines outline steps for countries to reduce new HIV infections and increase access to HIV testing, treatment and care for these five ‘key populations’*. They include a comprehensive range of clinical recommendations but, for these to be effective, WHO also recommends countries need to remove the legal and social barriers that prevent many people from accessing services.</div>
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For the first time, WHO strongly recommends men who have sex with men consider taking antiretroviral medicines as an additional method of preventing HIV infection (pre-exposure prophylaxis)** alongside the use of condoms. Rates of HIV infection among men who have sex with men remain high almost everywhere and new prevention options are urgently needed.</div>
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Modelling estimates that, globally, 20-25% reductions in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men could be achieved through pre-exposure prophylaxis, averting up to 1 million new infections among this group over 10 years. Studies indicate that women sex workers are 14 times more likely to have HIV than other women, men who have sex with men are 19 times more likely to have HIV than the general population, and transgender women are almost 50 times more likely to have HIV than other adults. For people who inject drugs, studies show the risks of HIV infection can be also 50 times higher than the general population.</div>
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“None of these people live in isolation,” says Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, Director of the HIV Department at WHO. “Sex workers and their clients have husbands, wives and partners. Some inject drugs. Many have children. Failure to provide services to the people who are at greatest risk of HIV jeopardizes further progress against the global epidemic and threatens the health and wellbeing of individuals, their families and the broader community.”</div>
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Continued global progress still needed</div>
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The guidelines are published as new figures underline the need for continued global progress on HIV. By the end of 2013, around 13 million people were taking antiretroviral therapy (ART), with 11.7 million of these people living in low- and middle-income countries. This has led to a 20% drop in HIV-related deaths between 2009 and 2012.</div>
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But while the number of people dying of AIDS is falling sharply, preventive efforts are still lagging too far behind, particularly among key populations.</div>
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There are still significant gaps in addressing their needs in national HIV plans. Globally, just 70% of countries surveyed explicitly address the needs of men who have sex with men and sex workers, while the figure for injecting drug users was 40%. Transgender people are rarely mentioned in HIV plans. And even where policies exist on paper, it is hard for people to access services that can help them.</div>
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Key populations are less likely to have equal access to HIV treatment. For example, in some settings in Eastern Europe, people who inject drugs make up more than half of all people living with HIV, but only one third of people living with HIV have access to lifesaving ART.</div>
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In many countries, discrimination is reinforced by laws that criminalize sexual behaviours, drug use, gender expression or perceived sexual orientation. However where laws and policies support access to HIV services for these key populations, illness and death due to HIV among these groups has declined and new HIV infection rates remain low or have fallen, especially among sex workers and for people who inject drugs.</div>
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“Bold policies can deliver bold results,” says Dr Rachel Baggaley, from WHO’s HIV Department. “Thailand was one of the first pioneers of programmes to recognise the need to keep sex workers healthy and reduce new HIV infection. Malaysia, Spain and the United Republic of Tanzania have made major advances in providing opioid substitution therapy and needles and syringe programmes for people who inject drugs. Data show that where a combination of effective HIV prevention and treatment services for people who inject drugs are available, HIV transmission among people who inject drugs is minimal.”</div>
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These new guidelines outline ‘comprehensive HIV packages’ for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for the five key populations and address specific issues and needs of adolescents from these groups. These include measures to better manage sexual and reproductive health, mental health and co-infections such as tuberculosis and hepatitis. They highlight the need for needle and syringe and opioid substitution therapy programmes and include recommendations for treatment of overdose in the community.</div>
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At the International AIDS Conference 2014 in Melbourne, WHO will call on governments to re-energize and strengthen HIV programmes so that all key populations benefit from the ongoing advances in HIV treatment and programme scale-up.</div>
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*Key populations are defined groups who, due to specific high risk behaviours, are at increased risk of HIV irrespective of the epidemic type or local context. Also, they often have legal and social issues related to their behaviours that increase their vulnerability to HIV. These guidelines focus on five key populations.</div>
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** Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a way for people who do not have HIV, but who are at risk of getting it, to prevent them getting HIV by taking a single pill (usually a combination of two antiretrovirals) every day. PrEP, when taken consistently, has been shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people who are at high risk by up to 92%. PrEP is much less effective if it is not taken consistently.</div>
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[Medical Books] - WHO: People most at risk of HIV are not getting the health services they need

11 JULY 2014 ¦ GENEVA - Failure to provide adequate HIV services for key groups – men who have sex with men, people in prison, people who i...

[Medical Books] - WHO welcomes global momentum on viral hepatitis

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<b><span style="color: red;">23 JULY 2014</span></b> ¦ MELBOURNE/GENEVA - On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July, WHO welcomes new progress in tackling one of the world’s most serious diseases. Viral hepatitis – a group of infectious diseases known as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E – affects millions of people worldwide, causing acute and chronic liver disease and killing close to 1.4 million people every year.</div>
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“For years, viral hepatitis has been largely neglected,” says Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General at WHO. “But now we are beginning to see greater awareness and global momentum building to tackle it.”</div>
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<b>New momentum</b></div>
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This increasing interest stimulated debate on hepatitis at the 2014 World Health Assembly, when 194 countries endorsed a resolution to intensify efforts to prevent, diagnose, and treat viral hepatitis. The resolution emphasizes how important it is for countries to have comprehensive national plans to tackle hepatitis - designed to meet the needs of the country, using the resources available.</div>
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The World Health Assembly, composed of health ministers and other representatives from all WHO Member States, noted that testing is key: today, most people with hepatitis do not know they are infected, as often symptoms only appear decades later after serious liver disease sets in. It also highlighted the need to invest in effective prevention strategies. These include comprehensive programmes for people who inject drugs, assuring access to safe injections and blood transfusions, and expanding immunization programmes to protect people from hepatitis A and B.</div>
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The resolution recognizes the great potential of new medicines and treatment approaches for chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection, calling for strategies to increase access to affordable, quality hepatitis medicines. It calls on WHO to examine the feasibility of eliminating hepatitis B and C.</div>
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<b>Innovations in the hepatitis response</b></div>
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World Hepatitis Day this year coincides with the 20th International AIDS Conference in Melbourne, Australia, where a wide range of sessions focus on the public health and clinical challenges of preventing and managing viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection.</div>
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Many people who are at increased risk of, and affected by, HIV are also particularly vulnerable to viral hepatitis. As many as 4-5 million people are estimated to be infected with both HIV and hepatitis B. Similar numbers are infected with both HIV and hepatitis C. As more people living with both HIV and hepatitis receive HIV treatment, they survive long enough to develop hepatitis-C related cirrhosis and liver cancer, highlighting the need to protect them better from hepatitis and to treat them if they do develop it.</div>
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“The experience gained by HIV programmes in scaling up comprehensive prevention and treatment programmes, improving access to affordable medicines and diagnostics, engaging communities and reaching vulnerable and marginalized populations can do much to inform viral hepatitis responses, addressing wider populations of people affected by hepatitis B and C,” says Dr Hiroki Nakatani, Assistant Director-General for HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO.</div>
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One of the most significant public health developments over the past year has been the huge advances in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. New drugs, with others in the pipeline, have the potential to transform hepatitis C treatment, with safe and simple treatments resulting in cure rates of over 90%. But major challenges remain to make such treatment affordable and accessible to those populations in greatest need.</div>
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WHO has been intensifying its support to countries to expand comprehensive hepatitis prevention and treatment programmes. In April this year WHO released new guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of people with hepatitis C infection. WHO is now developing new guidelines for the prevention and management of hepatitis B. In addition, on the occasion of World Hepatitis Day, WHO is releasing a new manual for tackling outbreaks of hepatitis E.</div>
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WHO is now working with a broad range of stakeholders, including affected populations, community networks, clinicians, national hepatitis programmes, service providers and donors to implement these guidelines, to expand prevention efforts and to make treatment affordable and accessible to those in need. Already plans are being developed in a number of low- and middle-income countries to rapidly expand access to both hepatitis B and C treatment, while also ensuring that there is adequate investment in proven hepatitis prevention interventions, including hepatitis vaccination programmes, harm reduction for drug users and blood and injection safety.</div>
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“Increasing access to curative treatment for hepatitis B and C and expanding hepatitis B vaccination, and other prevention strategies, provide real opportunities for us to save lives and prevent suffering,” says Dr Gottfried Hirnschall, Director, HIV Department, WHO. “We are urging ministries of health to ‘think again’ about hepatitis and develop policies that translate into prevention and life-saving treatments.”</div>
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[Medical Books] - WHO welcomes global momentum on viral hepatitis

23 JULY 2014 ¦ MELBOURNE/GENEVA - On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July, WHO welcomes new progress in tackling one of the world’s most serious d...

[Medical Books] - WHO Director-General, west African presidents to launch intensified Ebola outbreak response plan

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<b><span style="color: red;">31 JULY 2014 </span></b>¦ GENEVA/CONAKRY - The Director-General of WHO and presidents of west African nations impacted by the Ebola virus disease outbreak will meet Friday in Guinea to launch a new joint US$ 100 million response plan as part of an intensified international, regional and national campaign to bring the outbreak under control.</div>
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“The scale of the Ebola outbreak, and the persistent threat it poses, requires WHO and Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to take the response to a new level, and this will require increased resources, in-country medical expertise, regional preparedness and coordination,” says Dr Chan. “The countries have identified what they need, and WHO is reaching out to the international community to drive the response plan forward.”</div>
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The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Response Plan in West Africa identifies the need for several hundred more personnel to be deployed in affected countries to supplement overstretched treatment facilities. Hundreds of international aid workers, as well as 120-plus WHO staff, are already supporting national and regional response efforts. But more are urgently required. Of greatest need are clinical doctors and nurses, epidemiologists, social mobilization experts, logisticians and data managers. The plan also outlines the need to increase preparedness systems in neighbouring nations and strengthen global capacities.</div>
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Key elements of the new plan, which draws on lessons learnt from other outbreaks, include strategies to:</div>
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stop transmission of Ebola virus disease in the affected countries through scaling up effective, evidence-based outbreak control measures; and</div>
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prevent the spread of Ebola virus disease to the neighbouring at-risk countries through strengthening epidemic preparedness and response measures.</div>
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WHO and affected and neighbouring countries will renew efforts to mobilize communities and strengthen communication so that people know how to avoid infection and what to do if they fear they may have come into contact with the virus.</div>
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Improving prevention, detecting and reporting suspected cases, referring people infected with the disease for medical care, as well as psychosocial support, are key. The plan also emphasizes the importance of surveillance, particularly in border areas, of risk assessments and of laboratory-based diagnostic testing of suspected cases. Also highlighted is the need to improve ways to protect health workers, a scarce resource in all three countries, from infection.</div>
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Finally, reinforcing coordination of the overall health response is critical. In particular, this includes strengthening capacities of the WHO-run Sub-regional Outbreak Coordination Centre, which was opened this month in Conakry, Guinea, to consolidate and streamline support to West African countries by all major partners and assist in resource mobilization.</div>
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The scale of the ongoing outbreak is unprecedented, with approximately 1323 confirmed and suspected cases reported, and 729 deaths in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone since March 2014.</div>
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[Medical Books] - WHO Director-General, west African presidents to launch intensified Ebola outbreak response plan

31 JULY 2014 ¦ GENEVA/CONAKRY - The Director-General of WHO and presidents of west African nations impacted by the Ebola virus disease outb...

[Medical Books] - World Humanitarian Day

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<b>WHO calls for protection of health workers in conflicts, disasters</b></div>
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18 AUGUST 2014 ¦ GENEVA - As major emergencies around the globe increase in scale, complexity and frequency, WHO is calling for an end to the targeting of health workers in conflicts and other humanitarian crises, which represent a breach of the fundamental right to health.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG8TVdh6l0f1dLqPmO5GHX9rR16-X4p9_S-nLXZG3b8Fa5Jiv6-1iFNrqQKKc_R01sB37XIOOHQ6Zi4MaiqCXPdGG7uCbOIWR1HAskVfb0rTQTCkIlp0GTDu-bcn6K0pDYOhhNiTo1Z-qY/s1600/Tommy-Trenchard-Reuters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="WHO calls for protection of health workers in conflicts, disasters" border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG8TVdh6l0f1dLqPmO5GHX9rR16-X4p9_S-nLXZG3b8Fa5Jiv6-1iFNrqQKKc_R01sB37XIOOHQ6Zi4MaiqCXPdGG7uCbOIWR1HAskVfb0rTQTCkIlp0GTDu-bcn6K0pDYOhhNiTo1Z-qY/s1600/Tommy-Trenchard-Reuters.jpg" title="WHO calls for protection of health workers in conflicts, disasters" width="400" /></a></div>
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On tomorrow’s World Humanitarian Day, celebrated every 19 August, WHO will draw attention to the continued trend of attacks on health-care workers, hospitals, clinics and ambulances in Syria, Gaza, Central African Republic, Iraq, South Sudan and other areas.</div>
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Threats and harassment of health workers in west African countries have also been a worrying element of the Ebola virus disease outbreak. These professionals are taking personal risks to provide critical medical care, but have been threatened, shunned and stigmatized.</div>
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“Doctors, nurses and other health workers must be allowed to carry out their life-saving humanitarian work free of threat of violence and insecurity,” says Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General.</div>
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Dr Richard Brennan, Director of WHO’s Department of Emergency Risk Management and Humanitarian Response, adds: “Assaults on health workers and facilities seriously affect access to health care, depriving patients of treatment and interrupting measures to prevent and control contagious diseases. WHO has a specific mandate to protect the human right to health, especially for people affected by humanitarian emergencies.”</div>
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While the adverse impacts of attacks on health care have been well documented in conflicts such as Syria and South Sudan, Gaza, health workers are also being prevented from carrying out their essential work outside of war-zones. In Pakistan and Nigeria, polio vaccinators, most of them female, have been specifically targeted.</div>
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As part of its lead role in coordinating the health response to international emergencies, WHO is working with partners to better document, prevent and respond to such incidents. Protecting those who care for the sick and vulnerable in the world’s most difficult circumstances is one of the most pressing responsibilities of the international community.</div>
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[Medical Books] - World Humanitarian Day

WHO calls for protection of health workers in conflicts, disasters 18 AUGUST 2014 ¦ GENEVA - As major emergencies around the globe increa...

[Medical Books] - WHO calls for stronger action on climate-related health risks

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27 AUGUST 2014 ¦ GENEVA - Previously unrecognized health benefits could be realized from fast action to reduce climate change and its consequences. For example, changes in energy and transport policies could save millions of lives annually from diseases caused by high levels of air pollution. The right energy and transport policies could also reduce the burden of disease associated with physical inactivity and traffic injury.</div>
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Measures to adapt to climate change could also save lives around the world by ensuring that communities are better prepared to deal with the impact of heat, extreme weather, infectious disease and food insecurity.</div>
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<b>First ever global conference</b></div>
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These are two key messages being discussed at the first-ever global conference on health and climate, which opens today at WHO headquarters in Geneva. The conference brings together over 300 participants, including government ministers, heads of UN agencies, urban leaders, civil society and leading health, climate and sustainable-development experts.</div>
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“The evidence is overwhelming: climate change endangers human health. Solutions exist and we need to act decisively to change this trajectory.”</div>
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Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General</div>
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The health sector needs to act quickly and assertively to promote climate-smart strategies, climate and health experts warn.</div>
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“The evidence is overwhelming: climate change endangers human health,” says Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General. “Solutions exist and we need to act decisively to change this trajectory.”</div>
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<b>Cholera, malaria and dengue highly sensitive to weather and climate</b></div>
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WHO and its partners highlight the importance of acting now to help protect health in the present as well as the future. The health community is working hard to improve its capacity for surveillance and control of infectious diseases such as cholera, malaria and dengue, which are highly sensitive to weather and climate.</div>
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Climate change is already causing tens of thousands of deaths every year from shifting patterns of disease, from extreme weather events, such as heat-waves and floods, and from the degradation of water supplies, sanitation, and impacts on agriculture, according to the most recent WHO data.</div>
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"Vulnerable populations, the poor, the disadvantaged and children are among those suffering the greatest burden of climate-related impacts and consequent diseases, such as malaria, diarrhoea and malnutrition, which already kill millions every year”, notes Dr Flavia Bustreo, WHO Assistant Director-General, Family, Women's and Children's Health. “Without effective action to mitigate and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change on health, society will face one of its most serious health challenges,” she says.</div>
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“But the good news is that reducing climate change can yield substantial and immediate health benefits” says Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director, Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health. “The most powerful example is air pollution, which in 2012 was responsible for 7 million deaths - one in eight of all deaths worldwide. There is now solid evidence that mitigating climate change can greatly reduce this toll,” she adds.</div>
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The conference aims to pave the way for careful consideration of health and climate issues in the upcoming UN Climate Summit, being organized by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in September 2014.</div>
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[Medical Books] - WHO calls for stronger action on climate-related health risks

27 AUGUST 2014 ¦ GENEVA - Previously unrecognized health benefits could be realized from fast action to reduce climate change and its conse...